Drug policy in Canada operates across multiple government levels. The federal government controls drug scheduling (what's illegal), criminal penalties, safe injection site approval, and national strategies on addiction and treatment. Provinces manage healthcare including addiction treatment, mental health services, and harm reduction programs. Municipalities, while lacking jurisdiction over drug laws, directly confront drug-related challenges: they fund emergency services responding to overdoses, support public health harm reduction initiatives, address issues of public drug use in parks and transit, manage supportive housing for people with addictions, and coordinate community responses to drug crises. The opioid epidemic has particularly impacted Canadian municipalities, forcing local governments to develop strategies despite limited formal authority, often advocating for decriminalization and treatment-focused approaches.