A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a formal document outlining agreement between parties on principles, intentions, or cooperative arrangements without creating legally binding obligations. Governments use MOUs to establish frameworks for collaboration, joint initiatives, or policy coordination. Federal-municipal MOUs might address topics like infrastructure funding approaches, emergency management cooperation, or consultation processes. MOUs signal commitment and establish expectations without the rigidity of contracts. They are particularly useful in intergovernmental relations where constitutional divisions of power limit formal agreements. Municipal associations like the Federation of Canadian Municipalities negotiate MOUs with federal departments to advance municipal interests.