Integrated Bilateral Agreements are contracts between the federal government and individual provinces/territories governing how federal infrastructure funding flows to each jurisdiction. These agreements consolidate multiple funding streams into unified frameworks, specifying federal and provincial/territorial contributions, eligible project categories, cost-sharing formulas, reporting requirements, and program management arrangements. IBAs typically cover multi-year periods (often 10 years) providing some funding predictability. Each province negotiates its own IBA, allowing some variation in priorities and administration while maintaining national program consistency. Under IBAs, provinces often have flexibility to allocate federal funding across eligible categories based on their priorities, then manage municipal applications and project approval. The IBA framework acknowledges provincial jurisdiction over municipalities while enabling federal infrastructure investment. Municipalities must understand their province's IBA to navigate federal funding opportunities.