Border measures are federal policies controlling who and what can cross Canada's international borders. These include customs inspections, immigration controls, health screening, and security measures. While implemented by federal agencies like the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), border measures significantly affect municipalities near crossings. Communities may experience traffic congestion from processing delays, economic impacts when border restrictions reduce trade or tourism, and demands for local services from travellers or refugee claimants. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these dynamics when border closures devastated border town economies dependent on cross-border shopping and tourism.