Equalization and Cities refers to concerns that major cities in economically stronger provinces face disadvantages under Canada's fiscal federalism arrangements. Cities like Calgary and Toronto argue they face a double burden: their economic productivity generates federal revenues that fund equalization payments to other provinces, while they receive relatively little direct federal infrastructure or program support compared to their populations and infrastructure needs. These cities contend the federal government views strong provincial economies as not needing help, ignoring that municipal infrastructure deficits exist everywhere. The debate reflects broader tensions about federal-municipal relationships, whether large cities deserve distinct recognition and funding, and whether fiscal transfers adequately address urban needs. Some advocate for direct federal-municipal funding arrangements that recognize cities' economic importance and infrastructure challenges.