Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast ballots in an election, measuring electoral participation. Turnout varies significantly by election type—federal elections typically see higher turnout (60-70%) than municipal elections (often 35-45%). Low municipal turnout is a persistent concern, potentially affecting democratic legitimacy of local government. Factors affecting turnout include voter engagement, election competitiveness, ease of voting, weather, and awareness of elections. Initiatives to increase turnout include voter education, accessible polling locations, advance voting, and mail-in ballots. Some jurisdictions have considered mandatory voting. Turnout demographics show variations by age, education, and income, raising equity concerns about whose voices elections reflect. Tracking turnout helps evaluate democratic health and engagement efforts.