Sewer rates are fees charged to property owners for wastewater collection and treatment services. Since measuring actual wastewater discharge is impractical, rates are typically calculated based on water consumption—the assumption being that water used eventually goes down the drain. Some municipalities charge flat rates or rates based on property type. Sewer rates fund operation, maintenance, and capital improvements to wastewater systems. Rate setting must balance cost recovery, affordability, and providing price signals for conservation. Environmental regulations requiring improved treatment often drive rate increases. Sewer rate structures may differ between residential and commercial users who generate different wastewater volumes and characteristics.