Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) is the federal department responsible for immigration policy and services, including selecting immigrants, processing applications, resettling refugees, granting citizenship, and issuing travel documents like passports. IRCC determines annual immigration levels and the mix of economic immigrants, family reunification, and refugees. The department manages various programs: Express Entry for skilled workers, Provincial Nominee Programs allowing provinces to select immigrants, family sponsorship, refugee resettlement, and citizenship applications. While immigration is federal jurisdiction, its effects are profoundly local—municipalities receive newcomers who need housing, services, language training, and employment. Municipalities have limited input into immigration levels but must accommodate whoever arrives. IRCC works with settlement agencies across Canada that help newcomers adapt, though funding levels and service availability vary. Immigration policy significantly shapes community demographics, labour markets, and service demands.