Developer levies is a broad term encompassing the various fees and charges imposed on new development to fund associated public costs. These include formal development charges for growth-related capital infrastructure, parkland dedication or cash-in-lieu requirements, community amenity contributions for density bonuses, permit and application fees, and sometimes education levies or transit contributions. The total levies on a development project can represent a significant portion of housing costs—in some markets, fees exceed $100,000 per unit. Debates about developer levies centre on who should pay for growth-related infrastructure: should existing taxpayers subsidize new residents, or should new development fully fund its infrastructure impacts? Higher levies may discourage development or increase housing costs, while lower levies shift costs to property taxes. Balancing these competing concerns is an ongoing challenge for municipal finance.