Climate adaptation costs are the significant expenses municipalities face to prepare for and respond to climate change impacts. These costs include building or upgrading flood protection infrastructure, expanding stormwater systems for intense rainfall events, creating cooling centres and urban tree canopy for extreme heat, wildfire protection measures, erosion control, and repairing damage from climate-related disasters. Adaptation costs are enormous and growing—some estimates suggest Canadian municipalities face tens of billions in adaptation needs. Municipalities argue they cannot afford these costs from property taxes alone, advocating for federal and provincial funding for climate adaptation as a matter of national infrastructure investment.