An upgrade is the replacement of existing software, hardware, or systems with newer, more capable versions. Software upgrades might involve moving to a new operating system version or major application release. Hardware upgrades replace computers, servers, or equipment with more powerful or efficient alternatives. Infrastructure upgrades improve capacity or capability—road widening, water main replacement with larger pipes, or transit vehicle fleet replacement. Upgrades typically require planning, budgeting, and implementation projects. Technology refresh cycles anticipate regular upgrades as equipment ages. Municipalities face ongoing upgrade needs for IT systems, vehicles, and infrastructure. Upgrade decisions consider current condition, remaining life, new capabilities, costs, and disruption during implementation. Deferred upgrades can lead to system failures or security vulnerabilities.