Quality Assurance (QA) refers to systematic processes ensuring products or services meet specified requirements and standards. In software development, QA involves testing applications to find bugs, verify functionality, and ensure systems work correctly before release. QA testing includes checking that features work as designed, systems handle errors gracefully, security vulnerabilities are addressed, and user interfaces are intuitive. For municipal software systems like CanuckDUCK, QA ensures residents have reliable access to services and information. Beyond technology, QA principles apply to any process where consistent quality matters—from water treatment to permit processing to service delivery.