Oil and gas (O&G) refers to the petroleum industry encompassing exploration, extraction, processing, transportation, and refining of crude oil, natural gas, and related products. The industry is economically crucial to Alberta, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, and parts of British Columbia. Provincial governments receive royalties from resource extraction, funding significant public services. Municipalities in oil and gas regions benefit from employment, property taxes on facilities, and economic activity, but also face boom-and-bust cycles, infrastructure demands, and environmental considerations. Federal and provincial policies on pipelines, carbon pricing, and energy transition significantly impact O&G communities and workers.