A refinery is an industrial facility that processes crude oil into usable petroleum products including gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, jet fuel, and petrochemical feedstocks. Canadian refineries are located across the country, with concentrations in Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec. Refineries are significant employers and economic contributors but also raise environmental and safety concerns for host communities. Federal and provincial regulations govern refinery emissions, safety, and environmental protection. Municipalities hosting refineries balance economic benefits against environmental impacts, emergency preparedness requirements, and community concerns. Refinery operations and associated transportation of crude oil and refined products remain subjects of public policy debate.