Oil sands (also called tar sands) are deposits of sand, clay, water, and bitumen found primarily in northeastern Alberta, representing one of the world's largest petroleum reserves. Extracting oil from sand requires energy-intensive processes including surface mining and in-situ extraction. Oil sands development drives significant economic activity and government revenues but generates controversy over greenhouse gas emissions, water use, land disturbance, and Indigenous rights. Communities in the oil sands region, particularly Fort McMurray, have experienced dramatic growth and related challenges including housing shortages and service demands. Energy transition discussions directly affect oil sands regions and their municipal governments.