An electrical substation is a facility that transforms voltage levels in the electrical distribution system, typically stepping down high-voltage transmission power to lower voltages suitable for distribution to homes and businesses. Substations contain transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and control equipment. They are key nodes in the electrical grid, routing power and enabling switching for maintenance and emergencies. Substation locations affect land use planning—they require secure sites with access for maintenance vehicles and appropriate setbacks from residences. Utilities (provincial crown corporations, municipal utilities, or private companies depending on jurisdiction) own and operate substations. Substation capacity limits how much electrical load an area can support, potentially constraining development.