Geothermal energy harnesses heat from the Earth's interior for electricity generation or direct heating applications. The Earth's core maintains temperatures exceeding 5,000°C, with heat flowing outward. In areas with accessible geothermal resources (volcanic regions, hot springs), this heat can generate electricity. More broadly, ground-source heat pumps use the stable temperature a few metres underground (around 10°C year-round in Canada) for efficient heating and cooling—extracting heat in winter and depositing it in summer. While Canada lacks the volcanic geology for large-scale geothermal electricity, ground-source heat pumps are increasingly used in residential, commercial, and municipal buildings. These systems reduce energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional heating. Some Canadian regions are exploring deeper geothermal resources for electricity. Municipal climate action plans often include geothermal options for new facilities and retrofits.