A culvert is a tunnel or large pipe that channels water underneath roads, railways, or other infrastructure, allowing streams, drainage, and stormwater to pass through without flooding the surface. Culverts range from small corrugated metal pipes for minor drainage to massive concrete box structures for significant waterways. Municipalities are responsible for maintaining culverts within their jurisdiction, as blocked or damaged culverts can cause road washouts, flooding, and environmental damage. Climate change is increasing demands on culvert capacity as extreme precipitation events become more frequent. Culvert replacement and upsizing represents a significant infrastructure cost for many Canadian municipalities, particularly in rural areas with extensive road networks.