An X-ray (radiograph) is a medical imaging technique using ionizing radiation to create images of internal body structures, particularly bones and some organs. X-rays pass through soft tissue but are absorbed by dense materials like bone, creating shadow images. X-rays diagnose fractures, joint problems, lung conditions, dental issues, and many other conditions. While involving radiation exposure, modern X-ray equipment minimizes doses, and diagnostic benefits typically outweigh small risks. X-ray services are available in hospitals, clinics, and dental offices. Radiologists—physicians specializing in medical imaging—interpret X-ray images. X-rays represent one of several imaging modalities alongside CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine. Universal healthcare coverage in Canada includes medically necessary X-ray services without direct patient charges.