Testimony is oral evidence given by a witness under oath or affirmation in legal proceedings, tribunals, or official inquiries. Witnesses providing testimony swear or affirm to tell the truth, with perjury (lying under oath) being a criminal offence. Testimony may describe events witnessed, provide expert opinions, or establish facts relevant to proceedings. Witnesses can be compelled to testify through subpoenas. Cross-examination allows opposing parties to question witnesses' testimony. Courts and tribunals assess testimony credibility based on consistency, corroboration, demeanor, and other factors. Administrative tribunals, public inquiries, and parliamentary committees also take testimony. The right to confront witnesses through cross-examination is fundamental to legal proceedings involving testimony.