A conviction is a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offence, either through a guilty plea or after trial. Convictions result in sentencing—penalties ranging from fines and probation to imprisonment depending on the offence severity. A criminal conviction creates a criminal record that can affect employment, travel, housing, and other aspects of life. Convictions can be appealed if there were legal errors in the trial process. After serving sentences, individuals may apply for pardons (record suspensions) that help restore opportunities. The standard for conviction in criminal cases is 'beyond a reasonable doubt'—a high threshold reflecting the serious consequences of criminal guilt.