The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA) was federal legislation requiring environmental assessments for major projects with potential environmental impacts. The original CEAA (1992) and CEAA 2012 established processes for reviewing projects like pipelines, mines, and major infrastructure before they could proceed. In 2019, CEAA 2012 was replaced by the Impact Assessment Act, which broadened considerations beyond environment to include health, social, and economic impacts. These federal assessment requirements apply to projects within federal jurisdiction or on federal lands. Environmental assessment processes involve technical review, Indigenous consultation, and public input, and can result in project approval (with conditions), rejection, or modification.