An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic study of how a proposed project or development might affect the natural and human environment. EIAs examine potential impacts on air quality, water resources, wildlife, vegetation, noise, traffic, heritage resources, and community well-being. The process typically includes describing the project, documenting existing environmental conditions, predicting impacts, identifying mitigation measures to reduce harm, and evaluating significance of remaining effects. In Canada, major projects may require federal assessment under the Impact Assessment Act, while provinces have their own EA requirements for smaller projects. Municipalities often require EIAs for significant developments through planning approval processes. Public consultation is a key EIA component, ensuring affected communities can review findings and raise concerns before approval decisions are made.