Remediation is the process of cleaning up contaminated land, water, or buildings to remove or reduce pollution to safe levels. Contamination may result from industrial activities, fuel spills, improper waste disposal, or other sources. Remediation methods include removing contaminated soil, treating groundwater, capping sites to prevent exposure, or using biological processes to break down pollutants. Provincial environmental regulations establish contamination standards and remediation requirements. Property owners, previous users, or polluters may be responsible for remediation costs. Municipalities encounter remediation when redeveloping brownfield sites (former industrial lands) or addressing contamination on municipal property. Remediation is often required before land can be safely reused.