Indigenous Peoples of Canada are the original inhabitants of the land now called Canada and their descendants. Section 35 of the Constitution recognizes three distinct groups: First Nations (diverse nations with unique cultures, languages, and territories across the country), Inuit (peoples of the Arctic and northern regions), and Métis (peoples of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry with distinct culture, particularly in the Prairie provinces). Indigenous Peoples have occupied these lands for at least 15,000 years, developing sophisticated societies, governance systems, and relationships with the land long before European contact. Colonial policies including the Indian Act, residential schools, and forced relocation caused tremendous harm whose effects continue. Reconciliation requires acknowledging historical wrongs, respecting Indigenous rights recognized in treaties and the Constitution, and working toward renewed relationships based on respect, partnership, and self-determination. Understanding Indigenous Peoples' histories, rights, and contemporary circumstances is essential for all Canadians.