First Nations refers to the Indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. The term encompasses over 600 distinct nations, each with its own governance, territory, language, culture, and traditions. First Nations have inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years, long before European contact. Their rights are recognized in Section 35 of the Constitution and through treaties signed with the Crown. Many First Nations have reserves—lands set aside under the Indian Act—though their traditional territories extend far beyond reserve boundaries. First Nations governance includes elected band councils and hereditary systems. Municipalities frequently share geography with First Nations, requiring relationships around service delivery, economic development, and land use. Reconciliation efforts call for meaningful partnership, respecting Indigenous rights and title, and implementing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Calls to Action.