A septic system is an on-site wastewater treatment system used in areas without municipal sewer connections, typically rural properties. The system consists of a buried tank where solids settle and partially decompose, and a drain field where liquid effluent disperses into soil for natural treatment. Septic systems require regular maintenance including periodic pumping of accumulated solids. Provincial regulations govern septic system installation, inspection, and maintenance to protect groundwater and public health. Improperly functioning septic systems can contaminate wells and waterways. As areas develop, municipalities may extend sewer service, eventually connecting septic-served properties to municipal wastewater systems.