An environmental assessment (EA) is a systematic process examining how proposed projects or developments may affect the natural and human environment. EAs identify potential impacts on air, water, soil, wildlife, vegetation, heritage resources, and community well-being, then evaluate their significance and propose mitigation measures. In Canada, environmental assessments are required under federal and provincial legislation for various project types, with requirements depending on project scale and potential impacts. The federal Impact Assessment Act governs major projects like pipelines, mines, and large industrial facilities, while provinces regulate smaller projects. Municipalities require environmental studies through their development approval processes. EA processes typically include public consultation, ensuring affected communities can review findings and raise concerns. The goal is informed decision-making that prevents or minimizes environmental damage while allowing beneficial development to proceed.