A Public-Private Partnership (P3) is an arrangement where government partners with private companies to deliver infrastructure or services. In a typical P3, a private consortium designs, builds, finances, and often operates a facility for a set period, after which ownership may transfer to government. P3s have been used for hospitals, transit systems, highways, and water treatment plants. Proponents argue P3s transfer risk to the private sector and bring efficiency; critics question whether long-term costs exceed traditional procurement and raise concerns about public accountability. Provincial P3 agencies like Infrastructure Ontario and Partnerships BC oversee many projects.