Provincial supremacy is the constitutional principle that provinces have ultimate authority over municipalities, which exist only because provinces create them through legislation. Under Section 92(8) of the Constitution Act, 1867, provinces have exclusive jurisdiction over 'Municipal Institutions.' This means provinces can create, alter, amalgamate, or even dissolve municipalities. Provincial legislation always overrides conflicting municipal bylaws. While modern governance trends favour recognizing municipalities as a legitimate order of government, the legal reality remains that cities lack constitutional status independent of provincial authority. Provincial supremacy shapes every aspect of municipal law, finance, and governance in Canada.