Child welfare refers to the system of services designed to protect children from abuse, neglect, and harm. In Canada, child welfare is primarily provincial jurisdiction, with provinces operating child protection agencies that investigate concerns, provide family support, and when necessary remove children to foster care or other protective placements. While municipalities are not typically responsible for child welfare systems, they often provide related services including recreation programs, affordable housing, and community supports that help families stay together. Child welfare is particularly significant for Indigenous communities, where children are vastly overrepresented in care, prompting federal legislation (Bill C-92) affirming Indigenous jurisdiction over child welfare.