Section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867 lists the exclusive powers of the federal Parliament. These include defence, banking, currency, criminal law, postal service, census, Indigenous peoples, interprovincial and international trade, shipping, fisheries, and more. Notably absent from Section 91 is any mention of municipalities or urban affairs—cities aren't mentioned in the Constitution at all. This reflects the 1867 reality when cities were small and primarily local concerns. Today, with most Canadians living in cities and urban issues like housing and transit having national significance, the constitutional silence on municipalities creates challenges for federal urban engagement and direct federal-municipal relationships.